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The tribes of Old Montenegro, the Highlands, East Herzegovina and the Maritime ((セルビア語:племена Црне Горе, Брда, источне Xерцеговине, Приморја)) were historical geo-political units on the territory of contemporary Montenegro and Hercegovina. The tribes were in turn composed of various clans (''bratstva'' братства, literally "brotherhoods"). These tribes are usually divided into the tribes of Old Montenegro, the Highlands, East Herzegovina, and the Maritime. The most contemporary Montenegrins include in their identity their descent from the tribes. ==Organization== The tribes (''плeme'', ''pleme'' plural: плeмeна, ''plemena'') were territorial and political units in Montenegro. The tribes are not necessarily kin as they only serve as a geopolitical unit. The ''Plemena'' enjoyed especially large autonomy in the period from the second part of 15th century till the middle of 19th century. The first mention of a tribe was in the 13th century in Herzegovina. In fact most of the tribes were formed in the period between the 13th and 15th centuries. Following the Ottoman occupation and dissolution of the Serbian Empire, the formation of tribes formed local self-governing units. In 1853, Danilo II Petrović Njegoš was elected the first secular ruler of modern Montenegro and the Highlands, becoming Knjaz (Prince) Danilo I. Subsequently, the role of the central state was gradually increased and plemena lost their political independence as well as influence. The territorial subdivision of Montenegro was based on territorial clan regions. The ''clans'' (''братство'', ''bratstvo'', plural: Братства, ''Вratstva'') are contemporary patrilineal kin groups which trace their origin to a particular male (in some cases also female) ancestor. Names of ''bratstva'' are derived from either names, nicknames or profession of the ancestor. ''Bratstvo'' is an exogamous group.〔(D. 1945. 'Personality development of the dinaric warriors.' Psychiatry 8:November, pp. 449-493. http://books.google.com/?id=QIY5AAAAMAAJ Psychiatry ), p. 492: "The bratstvo is an exogamous unit"〕 In most cases marriage inside a bratstvo is forbidden regardless of the biological distance between the would-be spouses. However, this is not the case with some larger bratstva who sometimes allow endogamous marriages if the genealogical distance between spouses is large enough. In history every clan used to have its assembly, with the heads of families having equal rights in speech and suffrage. In war, the members of the bratstvo (''bratstvenici'') were obliged to stand together. The size of such units varied in size, ranging from 50 to 800 warriors (1893).〔(The development of the Athenian constitution ) by George Willis Botsford, 1893, pp. 18-19〕 Through time the bratstvo would split in smaller subdivisions and acquire separate names. Contemporary surnames of Montenegrins usually come from these smaller units. The clan members tend to guard their family history and many are able to recite the line of ancestors to the originator of the bratstvo. Reference information about origins and history of particular surnames (fractions of bratstva) may be found online〔http://www.montenegro.org.au/prezimena.html〕 as well as in printed form.〔Miljanić, Vukota, and Akim Miljanić. Prezimena U Crnoj Gori. Beograd: Beogradska Knjiga, 2002〕 Currently the political and organisational significance of ''bratstva'' has diminished significantly although it still is important in marriages (exogamy rule), some political alliances and a general feeling of solidarity. Although it is sometimes suggested that plemena consist of bratstva, relationship between pleme and bratstvo is loose. At times of autonomy of plemena, bratstva usually lived concentrated in the same place for long time and therefore formed a part of the pleme. Different bratstva living on the territory of one pleme were often not related to each other. A new bratstvo could be established (and often was) if a stranger sought a refuge (usually because of conflict with Ottoman authorities or because of a blood feud) on the territory of a pleme. Local military force of a pleme consisted of units composed on the basis of local bratstvos. Bratstvo is a kin group, but pleme - territorial one. Each ''bratstvo'' has its own history going back to antiquity and the Middle Ages. Some bratstva claim origin from people who had fled other Serbian regions after the Ottoman conquests, and other are considerably newer and were established as a result of relocations for various reasons (mostly due to blood feuds, ''krvna osvjeta'', or conflict with authorities), from surrounding countries or other regions of Montenegro.〔Boehm, Cristopher. 1984. Blood Revenge. The Enactment and Management of Conflict in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies. Pannsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, p 41-43〕 Origins of the ''plemena'' are much less clear although some of them are believed to be founded by particular historical people. Many of the mythological founders of the ''bratstva'' or ''plemena'' were Serb royalty or nobility during the Serbian Empire or Serbian Despotate, for example Vojvoda Bogut (ancestor of the Njeguši/House of Petrović-Njegoš), Vasoje Nemanjić (founder of Vasojevići) and Gojko Mrnjavčević (founder of Kuči).〔()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Serb clans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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